DIAMOND METEORITES BETWEEN SCIENCE AND LEGENDS WITH REFERENCE TO HYPATIA STONE

Abstract
The diamond received human beings interest much early in history as they imagined that it resembles haven in its sparkling sight. Then, they speculated that the source of diamond occurs in heaven. But how it reached earth’s surface? Their hypothesis, which called now legend, says that Adam brought it when God expelled him from the garden. The story must explain its occurrence in sand and gravels along river banks, so it adds notation elucidates that the diamond fell from Adam’s hand to the river. The myth opposite team, on the other hand, denouncing asked: but Adam brought one piece of diamond, while plenty of masses occur on the earth’s surface, the answer was ready: there were countless of Adams, not only one Adam! But not much people satisfied that there was more Adams. In response to that criticism, the legend team suggested that diamond is a living creature grows, marries and produces analogies. When the opposite team refused the story, the legend guardians engaged in deep thinking, directed them to create an interesting imagination indicating that diamond pieces fell from heaven like other natural phenomena; such theory will survive along human being living the earth!
Science did not eliminate the celestial source of diamond’s legend, but rather provides results indicate that it contains seeds of truth, when it revealed the existence of tiny grains of diamonds in meteorites. It is true that the traced diamonds in meteorites are microscopic, but that is not an indubitable certificate on the absence of macroscopic grains of diamond. This in fact has finally verified, from studying the extraterrestrial material named “Hypatia stone”, which assembled of visible diamond grains and crystals. Hypatia stone is a small chunk of suggested large celestial diamond body stuck the ground in southwestern Egypt from nearly 28 m.y. ago and created the gem quality material called the Libyan glass. This discovery, which reconsiders the legend of the celestial source of diamonds, confirms the precision and creativity of the suggestion that carbonado is of extraterrestrial source.

Keywords
legends-adamas-elmesu-elmeshu-diamond-heaven-meteorites-Hypatia stone.

Cite this paper
Aly A. Barakat, DIAMOND METEORITES BETWEEN SCIENCE AND LEGENDS WITH REFERENCE TO HYPATIA STONE , SCIREA Journal of Geosciences. Volume 7, Issue 2, April 2023 | PP. 36-59. 10.54647/geosciences170275

References

[ 1 ]	Ball, H. S. (1950): A Roman Book on Precious Stones. Lorrain L. Morrison Los Angeles, California.
[ 2 ]	Barakat, A.A. (l999): Diamondiferous material from the Libyan glass area southwestern Egypt. The first International Conference on the Geology of Africa, Nov. 23-25, 1999, Assiut University, Egypt, 26.
[ 3 ]	Barakat, A.A. (2000): The Western Desert Meteorites: Review and new discoveries. International Conference on the Western Desert of Egypt: Geological Environment and Development Potentials, January 17-20, 2000, Cairo, Egypt.
[ 4 ]	Barakat, A.A. (2003): Meteoritic elements in sandstone breccias from the Libyan glass area. Meteorite, No. 9, No. 4, 25.
[ 5 ]	Barakat, A.A. (2005): Meteorite impact effects in the Libyan glass area, southwestern Egypt. Ph.D. Thesis, Cairo University.
[ 6 ]	Barakat, A.A. (2012): The precious gift of meteorites and meteorite impact processes. Nova Science Publisher, New York, USA.
[ 7 ]	Barakat, A.A. (2018): Meteorite impact signs in the Libyan glass area south-western Egypt. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, Balti, 4 Industriala Street, Moldova, Europe.
[ 8 ]	Barakat, A.A. (2019): Diamond meteorites between science and legends. (Abstract), 82nd Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society 2019 (LPI Contrib. No. 2157) 6193.
[ 9 ]	Bauer, M. (1904): Precious stores: a popular account of their characters, occurrence and applications, with an introduction to their determination for mineralogist’s lapidaries, jewelers, etc. with an appendix on pearls and coral. London Charles Griffin and Company.
[ 10 ]	Beet, G. and Terpend, T. L. (1917): Romance and reality of the Vaal diamond diggings. Kimberley: Diamond Fields Advertiser.
[ 11 ]	Belyanin, G.A., Kramers, J.D., Marco A.G. Andreoli, M.A.G., Greco, F., Gucsik, A.Makhubela, T.V. Przybylowicz, W.J. and Wiedenbeck, M. (2018): Petrography of the carbonaceous, diamond-bearing stone “Hypatia” from southwest Egypt: A contribution to the debate on its origin. Geochim. Cosmo. Acta 223, 462–492.
[ 12 ]	Charubel, J.T (1906): Psychology of botany, minerals and precious stones. Percy R. Paine, Printer, 5, Union Street, Published by R. Welch, Esq 92, Shuttle Street, Tyldesley,
[ 13 ]	Craddock, P.T. (1995): Early metal mining and production. Edinburgh University Press Ltd.
[ 14 ]	Crook, W. (1909): diamonds. London-New York Harper and Brothers, 45 Albemarle Street, W.
[ 15 ]	Dalley, S. (2000): Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh and Others. Oxford University Press.
[ 16 ]	Farrington, O. C. (1915): Meteorites: Their structure, composition and terrestrial relations. Lakeside Press R. R. Donnelley and Sons Company, Chicago.
[ 17 ]	Fobes, H. K. (1924): Mystic gems. Boston, R. G. Badger
[ 18 ]	Gaster, M. (1899): The Chronicles of Jerahmeel or the Hebrew Bible historiale. 22, Albemarle Street, London.
[ 19 ]	Guillois, O., Ledoux, G., Reynaud, C. 1999, Diamond Infrared Emission Bands in Circumstellar Media, Astrophysical Journal, 521, L133-136
[ 20 ]	Haggerty S.E. (1996): Diamond-carbonado: Models for a new meteorite class of circum stellar or solar system origin. Abstract, American Geophysical Union, Spring meeting, Baltimore, S143.
[ 21 ]	Haggerty S.E. (2014): Carbonado: Physical and chemical properties, a critical evaluation of proposed origins, and a revised genetic model. Earth-Science Reviews, 130, 49–72.
[ 22 ]	Haggerty S.E. (2017): Carbonado: a review of properties and origin. Gems and Gemology, 53, No. 2, 168–179,
[ 23 ]	Jones, W. (1880): History and mystery of precious stones. London: R. Bentley and Son.
[ 24 ]	Kay, J. (1908): The diamonds: its history importance and values. John Kay and Company. New York, London, Amsterdam, Paris.
[ 25 ]	Kozminsky, I. (1922): The magic and science of jewels and stones. G. P. Putnam’s Sons New York and London.
[ 26 ]	Kunz, G.F. (1938): The Curious Lore of precious stones. Halcyon House, New York.
[ 27 ]	Kwok, S. (2006): Gems from the Stars. In: Krumenaker, L. (edit.) The characteristics and the life cycle of stars: an anthology of current thought. New York: Rosen Pub. Group, 123-132.
[ 28 ]	Kwok, S. (2013): Star dust- the cosmic seeds of life. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
[ 29 ]	Laufer, B. (1915): The diamond: a study in Chinese and Hellenistic folk-lore. Chicago
[ 30 ]	Lewis, H.C. (1887): On diamantiferous peridotite and the genesis of diamond, Geol. Mag. 4, 22-24.
[ 31 ]	Lewis, R.S., Tang, M., Wacker, J.F., Anders, E., & Steel, E. (1987) Interstellar Diamonds in Meteorites, Nature, 326, 160–162.
[ 32 ]	Masaitis, V. L. (1992): Impact craters: Are they useful? Meteoritics, 27, 21-27.
[ 33 ]	Masaitis, V. L. (1998): Popigai crater: Origin and distribution of diamond-bearing impactites. Meteoritics Planet. Sci., 33, 349-359.
[ 34 ]	Metevelis, P. (2000): The lapidary sky over Japan. Asian Folklore Studies 59, 79-88.
[ 35 ]	Nikolaev, L. (1976): Space chemistry. Mir Publishers, Moscow.
[ 36 ]	Oppenheim, A.L. Editor (1958): The Assyrian dictionary. Volume 4, E. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Illinois, USA.
[ 37 ]	Paxton, J. R. (1856): Jewelry and the precious stones. [By Hipponax Roset, pseudon.] Philadelphia.
[ 38 ]	Peake, A.S. (1910): The new Century Bible: Volume 1, Jeremiah, I-XXIV. New York: Henry Frowde Oxford University Press, American Branch Edinburgh: T. C. and E.C. Jack.
[ 39 ]	Petri, F. (1884): On the Mechanical Methods of the Ancient Egyptians. The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 13, 88-109.
[ 40 ]	Pinches, T.G. (1908): The Old Testament in the light of the historical records and legends of Assyria and Babylonia. London, Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.
[ 41 ]	Poebel, A. (1942): The Assyrian King List from Khorsabad. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 1, No. 3, 247-306.
[ 42 ]	Reiner, E. Editor (1984): The Assyrian dictionary. Volume 15- S. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Illinois, USA.
[ 43 ]	Reiner, E. Editor (1989): The Assyrian dictionary. Volume 17, Š-Part 1. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Illinois, USA.
[ 44 ]	Roth, M. T. Editor (1964): The Assyrian dictionary. Volume 1 A- Part 1. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Illinois, USA.
[ 45 ]	Schwartz, H. (2004): Tree of Souls: The Mythology of Judaism. New York: Oxford University Press.
[ 46 ]	Streeter, E. W. (1898): Precious stones and gems, their history, sources and characteristics. London, G. Bell and Sons.
[ 47 ]	Tappert, R. and Tappert, M.C. (2011): Diamonds in Nature: A Guide to Rough Diamonds. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
[ 48 ]	Tracy, L. (1906): The King of Diamonds: A Tale of Mystery and Adventure. Toronto: McLeod and Allen
[ 49 ]	Wilson, A.N. (1992): Diamonds: from birth to eternity. Santa Monica Gemological Institute of America.